This virus was discovered by NIV, Pune in 1965 in two adults suffering from febrile illness in Napur area of Maharashtra. It was isolated from sandflies around Aurangabad in 1970 (Dhanda V et al, IJMR,1970). Isolation have also been reported from Madhya Pradesh, Nigeria. In 2003, there was an encephalitis epidemic in Andhrapradhesh, Maharashtra just at monsoon onset and 183/329 children died in Andhrapradesh only. Patients complained abdominal pain had vomiting, acute enphalitis/encephalopathy features leading to death with in 48 hours of hospitalization. Neurological sequel in recovered cases is a rare occurrence which is a sigh of relief.
NIV which was established in 1952 under auspices of ICMR and Rockefellar Foundation has played a pivotal role in understanding this disease.
This virus belongs to Rabies virus family (Rhabdoviridae) and as shown in picture (taken from NIV, CHP virus poster) has bullet shape and lower stained canal!
Tripathy et al (Scand J Infect Dis. 2005;37(8):590-3)reported significant change in INF-Gamma, IL-2 compared to controls, whereas IL-6 and TNF-Alpha were higher in patients with >2 days of illness compared to controls.
Here authors show that there is blood brain barrier breach early in infection as measured by evans blue dye exclusion test. Young mice are susceptible to infection IV, IP and intracerebral mode where as adults are susceptible only via intracerebral route. Raise in proinflammatory cytokines like TNF-alpha, INF-gamma, IL2, IL6 with 24 hours of infection can aid leak in BBB. Authors also saw that IgM antibody for virus appears as early as 72 hours post infection which seems to decrease blood viral load but cant decrease CNS load. CD4+, CD8+ and CD19+ cells were also less in infected mice and antigen specific suppression of T cell proliferation was witnessed at 72 hours. Authors also report that passive immunization was able to prevent infection before viral infection and not at 24 hours post infection.
This paper is a significant step in understanding the etiopathogenesis of this viral infection.
Immune response during acute Chandipura viral infection in experimentally infected susceptible mice
Virol J. 2008; 5: 121. Published online 2008 October 20(click here to read the paper)
Anukumar Balakrishnan(1) and Akhilash Chandra Mishra(2)
1 Chandipura virus group
2 Director, National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Post Box-11, Pune-411001, Maharashtra, India
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